The paper shows the role in geological science of dialectics of philosophy as a universal and universal method of cognition and transformation of reality in the construction of theoretical cognition of geology. On the basis of consideration and use of basic physical laws and universal laws of dialectics, the theory of expanding and pulsating Earth is constructed; time in the form of cycle and cyclicity, and the structure of processes of development of matter, including geological, are revealed and analyzed; the main stages of development of geological life of the Earth and regularities of development of the lithosphere structure (mobile zones and platforms) are determined.