This book explores the global impact of the Syrian conflict, and the roles of Russia, Iran and the United States in its wake. This second edition examines the future of the region post the fall of the Assad regime and what it means for the various actors in the region, principally Russia, Iran, Israel, and the United States. The book challenges the conventional scholarship to show how non-democratic states such as Russia, Iran and China exhibit a consistent strategic intent in their foreign policy-making; underlines the convergence of Syrian foreign policy with Russia’s (the USSR before 1989) and Iran’s regional outlook post-1979 and takes stock of the shifts in the US foreign policy in the Middle East and North America (MENA) in light of new realities. Drawing on detailed fieldwork and archival material, including National Security Archive documents, this book is a tour de force in understanding global politics and contemporary history. It will be indispensable to scholars and researchers of politics and international relations, political theory, foreign policy, Middle East studies, and peace and conflict studies.