First published in 1907. The Cartwright Prize of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, was awarded, in 1907, for an Essay which comprised the first twelve chapters of this volume. According to Wikipedia: "Robert Mearns Yerkes (May 26, 1876 - February 3, 1956) was an American psychologist, ethologist, and primatologist best known for his work in intelligence testing and in the field of comparative psychology.Yerkes was a pioneer in the study both of human and primate intelligence and of the social behavior of gorillas and chimpanzees. Along with John D. Dodson, Yerkes developed the Yerkes-Dodson law relating arousal to performance. As time went on, however, Yerkes began to propagate his support for eugenics in the 1910s and 20s. His works are largely considered politically incorrect by modern anthropologists and academics."