This book presents a study of the biological activities of the medicinal plant Stryphnodendron adstringens, popularly known as barbatimão, in order to explain its phytochemical, pharmacological and environmental applications. Barbatimão is a species native to the Brazilian cerrado, from the Fabaceae family, with proven medicinal properties such as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, healing and antibacterial. The medicinal exploitation of this plant has stimulated a lot of research in various branches of the biological sciences, especially in the area of botany, and it is important to study the biological activity of the species in terms of phytochemical, phytotherapeutic and extractive approaches to the species in situ, as presented in this book.