Rapid advances in complex macromolecular synthesis and the fabrication of nanostructures have provided expansive opportunities for the development of new materials with unique optical and nonlinear optical properties. Key to continual progress is the establishment of robust structure-property-processing relationships that will provide a framework to evaluate ultimate potential, articulate relevant figures of merit, and engineer materials systems for specific applications. Success necessitates interactions across diverse disciplines spanning theory, synthesis, fabrication, characterization and device evaluation for photonic applications. This book addresses the challenges associated with the synthesis, theory and characterization of new compounds and nanostructured materials that exhibit, or are formed, using unique photophysics. Topics include: nonlinear optical properties materials; nonlinear optical materials; organometallic optical materials; plasmonics; electro-optical and electronic materials; organic and hybrid light-emitting devices; nanocomposite optical materials; and organic photonic bandgap structures.