Nanoparticles and nanomaterials are studied in the interdisciplinary science of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are particles ranging in size between 1 and 100 nm. Nanostructures are structures intermediate between microscopic and molecular structures. The study of these is achieved by integrating the principles of semiconductor physics, surface science, organic chemistry, molecular engineering, etc. The applications of nanoparticles and nanostructures are diverse. Prominent among these are nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials, biosensors, etc. Research in this domain mostly explores new varieties of nanoparticle design and its applications. This book has been compiled to provide a detailed overview of the design and characterization of nanoparticles with emphasis on their applications. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of nanotechnology. It aims to serve as a resource guide for engineers, physicists, material scientists and students.