This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the transformative role of biodegradable biomaterials in cancer therapy, examining their potential to enhance treatment efficacy and sustainability. We begin by investigating whether biodegradable biomaterials can significantly improve cancer therapies and delve into Biomaterial-Based Green Chemical Synthesis as a pathway to environmentally friendly drug development. The discussion extends to the innovative use of Nucleic Acid Biomaterials and Lipids for targeted drug delivery and the latest advancements in Implant Scaffolds. We further explore cutting-edge developments in Cancer Immunotherapy and Organ Transplantation, as well as the application of biomaterials in Neuroscience. Special attention is given to the use of biomaterials in constructing 3D Tumor Models for better drug discovery. Finally, we speculate on the Future of Biomaterials in drug delivery and cancer treatment, providing a forward-looking perspective on this rapidly evolving field.