Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is now a cornerstone of public sector governance across Africa, helping to drive transparency, accountability, and evidence-based decision-making. Yet institutionalizing M&E within government systems remains a complex and uneven process. This book provides a critical exploration of the challenges African countries face in embedding M&E practices into public institutions-from limited technical capacity and fragmented systems to political resistance and data quality issues. Drawing on regional experiences and real-world case studies, the book highlights practical strategies and emerging best practices that are transforming M&E into a more resilient and integrated tool for development. A valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, scholars, and students, this work sheds light on how African states can build sustainable, context-sensitive M&E frameworks that support long-term public sector reform and impact-driven governance.