The dismissal of civil servants on racist or political grounds in April 1933 marked the beginning of a massive, forced exodus of mainly Jewish scholars and scientists from Nazi Germany—a phenomenon unprecedented in the modern history of academic life. The essays in this volume examine whether that "exodus of reason" led to significant scientific change, and if so, how that change should be characterized. Written by a multidisciplinary group of German, British, and American scholars, the essays consider the natural and medical sciences, psychology, pedagogy and psychoanalysis as well as the social sciences.