This book summarizes the new advances in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) research. It introduces current concepts and dogmas and details clinical applications. It especially highlights the potential of BMPs as powerful therapeutics regulating diverse functions during embryonic development, stem cell differentiation and organ physiology. This book also challenges current knowledge and introduces new research questions and mechanisms. These mechanisms range from crosstalk on the molecular level to the role of BMPs in the urethra and exocrine glands. Additionally, it describes the drawback and advantages of BMPs currently used in clinical applications.