Highlighting the roles of ecology, culture, history, and political economy, this book considers how the unique mountain ecology and socio-cultural patterns of the Himalayan region of Ladakh contribute to a peculiar pattern of infant mortality. It stresses the burdens of women's work in this region as crucial to birth outcome. An example of a new genre of anthropological work called "ethnographic human biology," this study utilizes the methodology of human biology but strongly emphasizes the ethnographic context that provides meaning for human biological measures.