This book highlights the several pollutants and their derivatives that exist in water and wastewater, such as pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, personal care products, heavy metals, pesticides, dyes etc., as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Several part pollution is caused by nutrients, organics, and contaminants with low concentration but is highly toxic to human and aquatic environment. This book provides a holistic approach in terms of measurement, monitoring, and recent advances in treatment technologies for water and wastewater treatment and water reuse. The technologies involve the physio-chemical, biological and advanced oxidation processes in which they are modified or coupled with nanomaterials and/or newly developed products for improving the performance of the current treatment processes. In addition, the membrane processes include recent research on the removal of challenging chemicals by various membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis processes.